Erectile dysfunction is the inability to attain and maintain an erection firm enough for sexual intercourse or activity. ED can be the total inability to reach erection, an inconsistency to do so, or the inability to sustain it for extended periods of time. There are several causes of erectile dysfunction in men, several of which are influenced by hormones.

High levels of the stress hormone cortisol can have a detrimental effect on testosterone. Prolactin, a chemical secreted from the brain’s pituitary gland, plays a key role in erectile dysfunction. High levels of prolactin can cause testosterone levels to decrease. Underactive thyroid hormones, or hypothyroidism, also stimulate the production of prolactin and diminish testosterone levels.

Excess levels of testosterone, which are overwhelmingly the result of steroid use, can shrink the testicles and negatively impact sperm production. While this can lead to infertility, excess levels of testosterone are relatively rare in men and are not known to negatively affect erectile function. Other contributors to erectile dysfunction include liver and kidney disease which can create hormone imbalances. For example, liver disease can cause high levels of estrogen in the male body, effectively contributing to erectile dysfunction. Constriction of the veins, diabetes, and blood pressure medication are also leading causes of erectile dysfunction.